The Perfect Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Perfect Failure - Essay Example The plans for the invasion were begun under President Eisenhower and continued under President Kennedy. It was hoped that exiled Cubans could form a government outside Cuba to replace Castro after a successful invasion. This is where some of the initial failings took place. The exiled Cubans were incapable of establishing a government and had no clear leadership. Ike was animate about the formation of the government and insisted that the plan could not go forward without a leadership in place.2 Yet, according to Richard Bissell who was directing the CIA operation, there never was any cooperation among the Cubans who Bissell called "hot tempered and hardheaded" and incapable of forming a government.3 By the time of the invasion there was not sufficient political unity to manage and direct the overthrow of Castro.4 One of the key ingredients for a successful invasion was to be the element of surprise. However, training a force of 1500 exiled Cubans in Guatemala was difficult to keep secret. The New York Times had run a story detailing the planned operation in October 1960, six months before the invasion.5 Though the CIA assumed that Castro was unaware of the plan, when April 1961 rolled around and the invasion was taking place, Castro was well prepared to respond and was expecting the military action.6 Castro had also thwarted CIA plans to infiltrate Cuba by detaining and arresting large numbers of his opposition.7 The original CIA plan called for small groups of exiles to infiltrate Cuba and set up pockets of resistance. However, by November of 1960, the exiles were having difficulty establishing any kind of underground network inside of Cuba. It was at this time that the CIA changed plans from an infiltration campaign of internal revolt to a large-scale invasion.8 This continual changing of plans and goals also diminished any hope of success for the operation. Shortly after the election of 1960, Kennedy was briefed on the CIA plans for the invasion. At that time, the plan was to use 600 to 750 exiles and invade Cuba at Trinidad.9 They would be aided by CIA flown air strikes flown out of Nicaragua in conjunction with a massive propaganda campaign. It was hoped that this would trigger internal resistance and defections from Castro's military and result in his overthrow. The key to the mission was dependent on the Cuban people actively supporting the uprising. In February 1961, the Joint Chiefs of Staff raised some doubts about the operation. In a report to Kennedy, they indicated that the success would be totally dependent on the uprising within Cuba and there were "...no margins for miscalculation".10 However, the invasion sight was abruptly changed from Trinidad to the Bay of Pigs, and was planned to take place at night, which presented a special logistic challenge. The Bay of Pigs was surrounded by eighty miles of barren swamp, which no one had taken into account.11 According to Bissell, Lewis, and Pudlo, "The concept that had been appropriate for a Trinidad landing was retained even though it was inapplicable to a Bay of Pigs landing".12 The CIA's inspector general would later conclude that it was unrealistic to expect the operation to "[...] prevail

Organization and Management Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Management Theory - Essay Example The theory puts more emphasis on the psychosocial well being of employees and how factors such as motivation can effectively shape an organization. However, the two theories relied on a rigid and inflexible framework and to help address the issue, the Contingency theory came into being. The Contingency theory gives the leadership flexibility of acting in the most appropriate manner in a given situation. Finally the modern system theory was formulated to encompass all other theories and put them into practice. In this paper, the four theories of organization management are reviewed and analyzed in a systematic way to allow the reader familiarize and appreciate the advantages each has to offer, its suitability and shortcomings. Organization management theory refers to the study of organizations, businesses and bureaucracies and how they are influenced and related with their environment. Such organizations’ operations are influenced by their leadership, environment, culture and many such aspects. Therefore, the organization management theory involved the studies conducted on the management, leadership, employees, organization culture and behavior, human resource studies and other related studies (Ajzen, 1991). To effectively understand organizations and the necessary steps and actions of core importance to their survival, it is important that studies and research be done independently on the various specific aspects that play a vital role on the existence of organizations and how that effectively affects its management (Ajzen, 1991). For these reasons, the organization management theory is further subdivided into more specific areas for better understanding. The aim of this paper is to analyze organi zation management theories proposed by researchers in areas that directly influence or determine the way in which organizations are run and the consequent results. It is important that one understands the meaning of an organization theory to properly